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ECHELON | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
ECHELON | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
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Meaning of echelon in English
echelonnoun [ C ] uk
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/ˈeʃ.ə.lɒn/ us
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/ˈeʃ.ə.lɑːn/
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a particular level or group of people within an organization such as an army or company: highest echelon These salary increases will affect only the highest echelons of local government.upper echelon the upper echelons of society
military
specialized a special arrangement of soldiers, aircraft, or ships
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
Organizations - position & status
ambassador
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anti-elitist
apparatchik
back seat
counterpart
entry level
fish
grassroots
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You can also find related words, phrases, and synonyms in the topics:
The armed forces generally
(Definition of echelon from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
echelon | Business English
echelonnoun [ C, often plural ]
WORKPLACE uk
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/ˈeʃəlɒn/ us
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a rank or position within an organization, company, or profession: in the upper/top/higher echelons of sth Politicians are often hired by private equity for the connections and skills gained while working in the upper echelons of government.at the upper/top echelon The job allows you a glimpse into day-to-day goings-on at the company's top echelon. Most believe it is this juggling act that keeps women in the lower echelons of the legal profession.
(Definition of echelon from the Cambridge Business English Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
Examples of echelon
echelon
Discussions took place at the upper echelons of the administration over how to ' provoke ' men to ' volunteer ' as porters.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
They focused on working with government or, where possible, ' colonizing ' the echelons of the state that had immediate authority over the region as a whole.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Attaching outsiders to the higher echelons of the public administration.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
They also feel excluded from the higher echelons of political and administrative power, as well as social privilege, by virtue of their relative disadvantage in matters of education and resources.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
At least for a woman and her family, these new barriers to remarriage in the upper echelons of the working class are an obvious disincentive to divorce.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
The implications for the whole post-war pattern of politics seemed serious to many at the conference, especially those from the upper echelons of the government and academia.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Not bad for a new discipline, but we would prefer a fair representation of women in the highest echelons in all discipline, not just women's studies.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
I thought that one of the ideas of this reorganisation was that we were going to cut out some of these higher echelons.
From the Hansard archive
Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0
Enormous talent is being used and is waiting to be used in our management echelons.
From the Hansard archive
Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0
Not all have reached such high echelons of management, but they have been recruited through the apprenticeship system that this country has built up.
From the Hansard archive
Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0
In certain cases, there has been a continual reflection on members of certain professions in the higher echelons of the white-collar workers.
From the Hansard archive
Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0
There are some very good golden handshakes in the higher echelons of the private sector.
From the Hansard archive
Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0
What kind of drugs were used and were they approved by those in the higher echelons of the medical profession?
From the Hansard archive
Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0
Such money goes not only to the top echelons.
From the Hansard archive
Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0
There was considerable attraction in the new proposals and in being promoted out of the wards to higher echelons of administration.
From the Hansard archive
Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0
See all examples of echelon
These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.
What is the pronunciation of echelon?
B1
Translations of echelon
in Chinese (Traditional)
（軍隊、企業等組織的）等級，階層，某一等級（或階層）的所有人, （士兵、飛機或船隻的）梯形編隊，梯隊…
See more
in Chinese (Simplified)
（军队、企业等组织的）等级，阶层，某一等级（或阶层）的所有人, （士兵、飞机或船只的）梯形编队，梯队…
See more
in Spanish
nivel…
See more
in Portuguese
escalão…
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Echelon Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
Echelon Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
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Est. 1828
Dictionary
Definition
noun
verb
noun
2
noun
verb
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echelon
1 of 2
noun
ech·e·lon
ˈe-shə-ˌlän
Synonyms of echelon
1
a(1)
: an arrangement of a body of troops with its units each somewhat to the left or right of the one in the rear like a series of steps
(2)
: a formation of units or individuals resembling such an echelon
geese flying in echelon
(3)
: a flight formation in which each airplane flies at a certain elevation above or below and at a certain distance behind and to the right or left of the airplane ahead
b
: any of several military units in echelon formation
also
: any unit or group acting in a disciplined or organized manner
served in a combat echelon
2
a
: one of a series of levels or grades in an organization or field of activity
involved employees at every echelon
b
: a group of individuals at a particular level or grade in an organization or field of activity
the upper echelons of management
echelon
2 of 2
verb
echeloned; echeloning; echelons
transitive verb
: to form or arrange in an echelon
intransitive verb
: to take position in an echelon
Did you know?
Echelon comes from scala, a Latin word meaning "ladder" that is also the source of French eschelon, meaning "rung of a ladder." Over time, the French word came to mean "step," "grade," or "level." English borrowed the word and upped its meaning to "a level or category within an organization or group of people."
Synonyms
Noun
degree
footing
level
place
position
rank
ranking
reach(es)
rung
situation
standing
station
status
stratum
See all Synonyms & Antonyms in Thesaurus
Examples of echelon in a Sentence
Noun
the lower echelons of the bureaucracy
We heard stories of corruption in the upper echelons of the firm.
Recent Examples on the WebNoun
Written in her witty and conversational style, the book chronicles her early upbringing in New York City to her rise through Manhattan’s social circles and eventual ascent into the upper echelons of fashion.
—Tim Chan, The Hollywood Reporter, 2 Mar. 2024
Gosling is the unmovable center of gravity in these films, leaning into the kind of star image that had worked for his Blade Runner scene partner, Harrison Ford, but made little use of the supporting charm and dexterity that put Gosling in his own echelon of present-day actors.
—Angelica Jade Bastién, Vulture, 7 Feb. 2024
Young Casanova was able to promote himself into the upper echelons of Venetian society through dissembling, trickery, and bluff.
—Gaile Robinson, Fort Worth Star-Telegram, 31 Jan. 2024
Soon, perhaps as early as Friday night in Portland, the Pacers will be able to start two All-Stars and surround them with a supporting cast good enough to at least make the teams in the highest echelon of the Eastern Conference nervous.
—Dustin Dopirak, The Indianapolis Star, 19 Jan. 2024
So how can businesses achieve a better balance of experience and curiosity in their upper echelons?
—Martin Reeves, Fortune, 18 Dec. 2023
The White House’s subterranean Situation Room was being renovated, so the top echelons of the State, Defense and Treasury departments, along with the CIA, gathered in a secure conference room in the adjacent Eisenhower Executive Office Building.
—Washington Post Staff, Washington Post, 4 Dec. 2023
Instructed to fear the impoverish residents of the nearby town, these spoiled boys represent the future of the most powerful echelons of Mexican society.
—Carlos Aguilar, Los Angeles Times, 21 Dec. 2023
But at the top echelons of the Israeli and American governments, officials focused on putting together a series of financial sanctions against Iran.
—Justin Scheck, New York Times, 16 Dec. 2023
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These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'echelon.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.
Word History
Etymology
Noun
French échelon, literally, rung of a ladder, from Old French eschelon, from eschele ladder, from Late Latin scala
First Known Use
Noun
1796, in the meaning defined at sense 1a(1) Verb
circa 1860, in the meaning defined at transitive sense
Time Traveler
The first known use of echelon was
in 1796
See more words from the same year
Phrases Containing echelon
rear echelon
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Theme music by Joshua Stamper ©2006 New Jerusalem Music/ASCAP
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Dictionary Entries Near echelon
echelle
echelon
echelonment
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“Echelon.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/echelon. Accessed 12 Mar. 2024.
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Kids Definition
echelon
noun
ech·e·lon
ˈesh-ə-ˌlän
1
: a formation of units (as troops or airplanes) resembling a series of steps
also
: a unit in such a formation
2
: one of a series of levels especially of authority
involved officials at every echelon
also
: the people who are at such a level
the upper echelons of the government
More from Merriam-Webster on echelon
Nglish: Translation of echelon for Spanish Speakers
Britannica English: Translation of echelon for Arabic Speakers
Last Updated:
8 Mar 2024
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ECHELON - Wikipedia
ECHELON - Wikipedia
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1Organization
2Reporting and disclosures
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2.1Public disclosures (1972–2000)
2.2European Parliament investigation (2000–2001)
2.3Confirmation of ECHELON (2015)
3Intercept stations
4History and context
5Concerns
6Workings
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6.1Examples of industrial espionage
7See also
8Bibliography
9Notes and references
10External links
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ECHELON
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Echelon.
Signals intelligence collection and analysis network
Part of a series onGlobal surveillance
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vte
A radome at RAF Menwith Hill, a site with satellite uplink capabilities believed to be used by ECHELON
RAF Menwith Hill, North Yorkshire, England
Misawa Air Base Security Operations Center (MSOC), Aomori Prefecture, Japan
ECHELON, originally a secret government code name, is a surveillance program (signals intelligence/SIGINT collection and analysis network) operated by the five signatory states to the UKUSA Security Agreement:[1] Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States, also known as the Five Eyes.[2][3][4]
Created in the late 1960s to monitor the military and diplomatic communications of the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies during the Cold War, the ECHELON project became formally established in 1971.[5][6] By the end of the 20th century, it had greatly expanded.[7]
Organization[edit]
Map of the UKUSA Agreement countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States
The UKUSA intelligence community was assessed by the European Parliament (EP) in 2000 to include the signals intelligence agencies of each of the member states:
the Government Communications Headquarters of the United Kingdom,
the National Security Agency of the United States,
the Communications Security Establishment of Canada,
the Australian Signals Directorate of Australia, and
the Government Communications Security Bureau of New Zealand.
List of intercept stations according to Edward Snowden's documents
Operated by the United States
Country
Location
Operator(s)
Codename
Brazil
Brasília, Federal District
CIA[8]
NSA[8]
SCS
Germany
Bad Aibling, Bavaria
BND[9]
NSA[9]
GARLICK[10]
India
New Delhi
CIA[11]
NSA[11]
SCS
Japan
Misawa, Tōhoku region
US Air Force[12]
NSA[12]
LADYLOVE[13]
Thailand
Bangkok (?)
CIA (?)
NSA (?)
LEMONWOOD[14]
United Kingdom
Menwith Hill, Harrogate
NSA[15]* GCHQ
MOONPENNY[14]
United States
Sugar Grove, West Virginia
NSA[16]
TIMBERLINE[17]
Yakima, Washington
NSA[18]
JACKKNIFE[14]
Sábana Seca, Puerto Rico
NSA[19]
CORALINE[14]
Operated Jointly with the United States (2nd party)
Country
Location
Contributor(s)
Codename
Australia
Geraldton, WA
ASD[12]
STELLAR[12]
Darwin, NT
ASD[12]
SHOAL BAY[12]
New Zealand
Waihopai, Blenheim
GCSB[12]
IRONSAND[12]
United Kingdom
Bude, Cornwall
GCHQ[20]
NSA[20]
CARBOY[17]
Cyprus
Ayios Nikolaos Station
GCHQ[20]
NSA[20]
SOUNDER[21]
Kenya
Nairobi
GCHQ[12]
SCAPEL[14]
Oman
Seeb, Muscat
GCHQ[12]
SNICK[14]
Reporting and disclosures[edit]
Public disclosures (1972–2000)[edit]
Former NSA analyst Perry Fellwock, under the pseudonym Winslow Peck, first blew the whistle on ECHELON to Ramparts in 1972,[22] when he revealed the existence of a global network of listening posts and told of his experiences working there. He also revealed the existence of nuclear weapons in Israel in 1972, the widespread involvement of CIA and NSA personnel in drugs and human smuggling, and CIA operatives leading Nationalist Chinese (Taiwan) commandos in burning villages inside PRC borders.[23]
In 1982, James Bamford, investigative journalist and author wrote The Puzzle Palace, an in-depth look inside the workings of the NSA, then a super-secret agency, and the massive eavesdropping operation under the codename "SHAMROCK". The NSA has used many codenames, and SHAMROCK was the codename used for ECHELON prior to 1975.[24][25]
In 1988, Margaret Newsham, a Lockheed employee under NSA contract, disclosed the ECHELON surveillance system to members of Congress. Newsham told a member of the US Congress that the telephone calls of Strom Thurmond, a Republican US senator, were being collected by the NSA. Congressional investigators determined that "targeting of US political figures would not occur by accident, but was designed into the system from the start."[26]
Also in 1988, an article titled "Somebody's Listening", written by investigative journalist Duncan Campbell in the New Statesman, described the signals intelligence gathering activities of a program code-named "ECHELON".[26] James Bamford describes the system as the software controlling the collection and distribution of civilian telecommunications traffic conveyed using communication satellites, with the collection being undertaken by ground stations located in the footprint of the downlink leg.[27]
A detailed description of ECHELON was provided by the New Zealand journalist Nicky Hager in his 1996 book Secret Power: New Zealand's Role in the International Spy Network.[28] Two years later, Hager's book was cited by the European Parliament in a report titled "An Appraisal of the Technology of Political Control" (PE 168.184).[29]
In March 1999, for the first time in history, the Australian government admitted that news reports about the top secret UKUSA Agreement were true.[30] Martin Brady, the director of Australia's Defence Signals Directorate (DSD, now known as Australian Signals Directorate, or ASD) told the Australian broadcasting channel Nine Network that the DSD "does co-operate with counterpart signals intelligence organisations overseas under the UKUSA relationship."[31]
In 2000, James Woolsey, the former Director of the US Central Intelligence Agency, confirmed that US intelligence uses interception systems and keyword searches to monitor European businesses.[32]
Lawmakers in the United States feared that the ECHELON system could be used to monitor US citizens.[33] According to The New York Times, the ECHELON system has been "shrouded in such secrecy that its very existence has been difficult to prove."[33] Critics said the ECHELON system emerged from the Cold War as a "Big Brother without a cause".[34]
European Parliament investigation (2000–2001)[edit]
The New Zealand journalist Nicky Hager, who testified before the European Parliament and provided specific details about the ECHELON surveillance system[35]
The program's capabilities and political implications were investigated by a committee of the European Parliament during 2000 and 2001 with a report published in 2001.[7] In July 2000, the Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System was established by the European parliament to investigate the surveillance network.[36] It was chaired by the Portuguese politician Carlos Coelho, who was in charge of supervising investigations throughout 2000 and 2001.
In May 2001, as the committee finalised its report on the ECHELON system, a delegation travelled to Washington, D.C. to attend meetings with US officials from the following agencies and departments:
US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)[37]
US Department of Commerce (DOC)[37]
US National Security Agency (NSA)[37]
All meetings were cancelled by the US government and the committee was forced to end its trip prematurely.[37] According to a BBC correspondent in May 2001, "The US Government still refuses to admit that Echelon even exists."[5]
In July 2001, the Committee released its final report.[38] The EP report concluded that it seemed likely that ECHELON is a method of sorting captured signal traffic, rather than a comprehensive analysis tool.[7] On 5 September 2001, the European parliament voted to accept the report.[39]
The European Parliament stated in its report that the term ECHELON is used in a number of contexts, but that the evidence presented indicates that it was the name for a signals intelligence collection system.[7] The report concludes that, on the basis of information presented, ECHELON was capable of interception and content inspection of telephone calls, fax, e-mail and other data traffic globally through the interception of communication bearers including satellite transmission, public switched telephone networks (which once carried most Internet traffic), and microwave links.[7]
Confirmation of ECHELON (2015)[edit]
Two internal NSA newsletters from January 2011 and July 2012, published as part of Edward Snowden's leaks by the website The Intercept on 3 August 2015, for the first time confirmed that NSA used the code word ECHELON and provided some details about the scope of the program: ECHELON was part of an umbrella program with the code name FROSTING, which was established by the NSA in 1966 to collect and process data from communications satellites. FROSTING had two sub-programs:[40]
TRANSIENT: for intercepting Soviet satellite transmissions
ECHELON: for intercepting Intelsat satellite transmissions
The European Parliament's Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System stated, "It seems likely, in view of the evidence and the consistent pattern of statements from a very wide range of individuals and organisations, including American sources, that its name is in fact ECHELON, although this is a relatively minor detail".[7] The US intelligence community uses many code names (see, for example, CIA cryptonym).
Former NSA employee Margaret Newsham said that she worked on the configuration and installation of software that makes up the ECHELON system while employed at Lockheed Martin, from 1974 to 1984 in Sunnyvale, California, in the United States, and in Menwith Hill, England, in the UK.[41] At that time, according to Newsham, the code name ECHELON was NSA's term for the computer network itself. Lockheed called it P415. The software programs were called SILKWORTH and SIRE. A satellite named VORTEX intercepted communications. An image available on the internet of a fragment apparently torn from a job description shows Echelon listed along with several other code names.[42][43]
Britain's The Guardian newspaper summarized the capabilities of the ECHELON system as follows:
A global network of electronic spy stations that can eavesdrop on telephones, faxes and computers. It can even track bank accounts. This information is stored in Echelon computers, which can keep millions of records on individuals.
Officially, however, Echelon doesn't exist.[44]
Documents leaked by the former NSA contractor Edward Snowden revealed that the ECHELON system's collection of satellite data is also referred to as FORNSAT - an abbreviation for "Foreign Satellite Collection".[45][46]
Intercept stations[edit]
First revealed by the European Parliament report (p. 54 ff)[7] and confirmed later by the Edward Snowden disclosures the following ground stations presently have, or have had, a role in intercepting transmissions from Satellite and other means of communication:[7]
RAF Little Sai Wan (Closed) (Hong Kong) Map
Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station (Geraldton, Western Australia) Map
RAF Menwith Hill (Yorkshire, England – Largest known ECHELON facility)[47] Map
Misawa Security Operations Center (Oura, Misawa, Aomori, Tōhoku, Japan) Map
GCHQ Bude (formerly CSO Morwenstow) (Cornwall, UK)[7] Map
Pine Gap (Outside Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia) Map
Sugar Grove (Closed) (West Virginia, US) Map
Yakima Training Center (Closed)[48] (Washington State, US) Map
Buckley Space Force Base (Aurora, Colorado)[49] Map
GCSB Waihopai (Marlborough, New Zealand)[50][51] Map
GCSB Tangimoana (Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand)[50] Map
CFS Leitrim (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada)[52] Map
Teufelsberg (Closed 1992), *Berlin, Germany[53] – Responsible for listening in to the Eastern Bloc.)[54] Map
Ayios Nikolaos (British Sovereign Base area of Dhekelia, Cyprus – Cyprus)
Gibraltar (UK)
Diego Garcia (UK)
Bad Aibling Station (Bad Aibling, Germany – US)
relocated to Griesheim/Darmstadt in 2004.[55]
Fort Eisenhower (Georgia, US)
CFB Gander (Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada)[56][57]
Guam (Pacific Ocean, US)
Kunia Regional SIGINT Operations Center (Hawaii, US)
Lackland Air Force Base, Medina Annex (San Antonio, Texas, US)
RAF Edzell (Closed 1996) (Scotland)[7]
RAF Boulmer (England)[7]
SNICK International Processing Center (Seeb, Oman) Map
History and context[edit]
Equipment at the Yakima Research Station (YRS) in the early days of the ECHELON program
The ability to intercept communications depends on the medium used, be it radio, satellite, microwave, cellular or fiber-optic.[7] During World War II and through the 1950s, high-frequency ("short-wave") radio was widely used for military and diplomatic communication[58] and could be intercepted at great distances.[7] The rise of geostationary communications satellites in the 1960s presented new possibilities for intercepting international communications.[59] In 1964, plans for the establishment of the ECHELON network took off after dozens of countries agreed to establish the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat), which would own and operate a global constellation of communications satellites.[30]Teletype operators at the Yakima Research Station (YRS) in the early days of the ECHELON program
In 1966, the first Intelsat satellite was launched into orbit. From 1970 to 1971, the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) of Britain began to operate a secret signal station at Morwenstow, near Bude in Cornwall, England. The station intercepted satellite communications over the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Soon afterwards, the US National Security Agency (NSA) built a second signal station at Yakima, near Seattle, for the interception of satellite communications over the Pacific Ocean.[30] In 1981, GCHQ and the NSA started the construction of the first global wide area network (WAN). Soon after Australia, Canada, and New Zealand joined the ECHELON system.[30] The report to the European Parliament of 2001 states: "If UKUSA states operate listening stations in the relevant regions of the earth, in principle they can intercept all telephone, fax, and data traffic transmitted via such satellites."[7]
Most reports on ECHELON focus on satellite interception. Testimony before the European Parliament indicated that separate but similar UKUSA systems are in place to monitor communication through undersea cables, microwave transmissions, and other lines.[60] The report to the European Parliament points out that interception of private communications by foreign intelligence services is not necessarily limited to the US or British foreign intelligence services.[7] The role of satellites in point-to-point voice and data communications has largely been supplanted by fiber optics. In 2006, 99% of the world's long-distance voice and data traffic was carried over optical-fiber.[61] The proportion of international communications accounted for by satellite links is said to have decreased substantially to an amount between 0.4% and 5% in Central Europe.[7] Even in less-developed parts of the world, communications satellites are used largely for point-to-multipoint applications, such as video.[62] Thus, the majority of communications can no longer be intercepted by earth stations; they can only be collected by tapping cables and intercepting line-of-sight microwave signals, which is possible only to a limited extent.[7]
Concerns[edit]
British journalist Duncan Campbell and New Zealand journalist Nicky Hager said in the 1990s that the United States was exploiting ECHELON traffic for industrial espionage, rather than military and diplomatic purposes.[60] Examples alleged by the journalists include the gear-less wind turbine technology designed by the German firm Enercon[7][63] and the speech technology developed by the Belgian firm Lernout & Hauspie.[64]
In 2001, the Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System recommended to the European Parliament that citizens of member states routinely use cryptography in their communications to protect their privacy, because economic espionage with ECHELON has been conducted by the US intelligence agencies.[7]
American author James Bamford provides an alternative view, highlighting that legislation prohibits the use of intercepted communications for commercial purposes, although he does not elaborate on how intercepted communications are used as part of an all-source intelligence process.[65]
In its report, the committee of the European Parliament stated categorically that the Echelon network was being used to intercept not only military communications, but also private and business ones. In its epigraph to the report, the parliamentary committee quoted Juvenal, "Sed quis custodiet ipsos custodes." ("But who will watch the watchers").[7] James Bamford, in The Guardian in May 2001, warned that if Echelon were to continue unchecked, it could become a "cyber secret police, without courts, juries, or the right to a defence".[66]
Alleged examples of espionage conducted by the members of the "Five Eyes" include:
On behalf of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, the Communications Security Establishment allegedly spied on two British cabinet ministers in 1983.[67]
The US National Security Agency spied on and intercepted the phone calls of Diana, Princess of Wales right up until she died in a Paris car crash with Dodi Fayed in 1997. The NSA currently holds 1,056 pages of classified information about Princess Diana, which has been classified as top secret "because their disclosure could reasonably be expected to cause exceptionally grave damage to the national security ... the damage would be caused not by the information about Diana, but because the documents would disclose 'sources and methods' of US intelligence gathering".[68] An official said that "the references to Diana in intercepted conversations were 'incidental'," and she was never a 'target' of the NSA eavesdropping.[68]
UK agents monitored the conversations of the 7th Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan.[69][70]
US agents gathered "detailed biometric information" on the 8th Secretary-General of the United Nations, Ban Ki-moon.[71][72]
In the early 1990s, the US National Security Agency intercepted the communications between the European aerospace company Airbus and the Saudi Arabian national airline. In 1994, Airbus lost a $6 billion contract with Saudi Arabia after the NSA, acting as a whistleblower, reported that Airbus officials had been bribing Saudi officials to secure the contract.[73] As a result, the American aerospace company McDonnell Douglas (now part of Boeing) won the multibillion-dollar contract instead of Airbus.[74]
The United States defense contractor Raytheon won a US$1.3 billion contract with the Government of Brazil to monitor the Amazon rainforest after the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), acting as a whistleblower, reported that Raytheon's French competitor Thomson-Alcatel had been paying bribes to get the contract.[75]
In order to boost the United States position in trade negotiations with the then Japanese Trade Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto, in 1995 the CIA eavesdropped on the conversations between Japanese bureaucrats and executives of car manufacturers Toyota and Nissan.[76]
Workings[edit]
System diagram of the ECHELON satellite intercept station of the NSA at the Yakima Research Station (YRS)[77] TOPCO = Terminal Operations Control CCS = Computer Control Subsystem STEAMS = System Test, Evaluation, Analysis, and Monitoring Subsystem SPS = Signal Processing Subsystem TTDM = Teletype Demodulator
The first United States satellite ground station for the ECHELON collection program was built in 1971 at a military firing and training center near Yakima, Washington. The facility, which was codenamed JACKKNIFE, was an investment of ca. 21.3 million dollars and had around 90 people. Satellite traffic was intercepted by a 30-meter single-dish antenna. The station became fully operational on 4 October 1974. It was connected with NSA headquarters at Fort Meade by a 75-baud secure Teletype orderwire channel.[40]
In 1999 the Australian Senate Joint Standing Committee on Treaties was told by Professor Desmond Ball that the Pine Gap facility was used as a ground station for a satellite-based interception network. The satellites were said to be large radio dishes between 20 and 100 meters in diameter in geostationary orbits. The original purpose of the network was to monitor the telemetry from 1970s Soviet weapons, air defence and other radars' capabilities, satellites' ground stations' transmissions and ground-based microwave communications.[78]
Examples of industrial espionage[edit]
In 1999, Enercon, a German company and leading manufacturer of wind energy equipment, developed a breakthrough generator for wind turbines. After applying for a US patent, it had learned that Kenetech, an American rival, had submitted an almost identical patent application shortly before. By the statement of a former NSA employee, it was later claimed that the NSA had secretly intercepted and monitored Enercon's data communications and conference calls and passed information regarding the new generator to Kenetech.[79] However, later German media reports contradicted this story, as it was revealed that the American patent in question was actually filed three years before the alleged wiretapping was said to have taken place.[80] As German intelligence services are forbidden from engaging in industrial or economic espionage, German companies have complained that this leaves them defenceless against industrial espionage from the United States or Russia. According to Wolfgang Hoffmann, a former manager at Bayer, German intelligence services know which companies are being targeted by US intelligence agencies, but refuse to inform the companies involved.[81]
See also[edit]
Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)
ADVISE
Frenchelon
List of government surveillance projects
Mass surveillance
Onyx (interception system), the Swiss "Echelon"
Operation Ivy Bells
Bibliography[edit]
Aldrich, Richard J.; GCHQ: The Uncensored Story of Britain's Most Secret Intelligence Agency, HarperCollins, July 2010. ISBN 978-0-00-727847-3
Bamford, James; The Puzzle Palace, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-006748-5; 1983
Bamford, James; The Shadow Factory: The Ultra-Secret NSA from 9/11 to the Eavesdropping on America, Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-52132-4; 2008
Hager, Nicky; Secret Power: New Zealand's Role in the International Spy Network; Craig Potton Publishing, Nelson, NZ; ISBN 0-908802-35-8; 1996
Keefe, Patrick Radden Chatter: Dispatches from the Secret World of Global Eavesdropping; Random House Publishing, New York, NY; ISBN 1-4000-6034-6; 2005
Keefe, Patrick (2006). Chatter : uncovering the echelon surveillance network and the secret world of global eavesdropping. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-8129-6827-9.
Lawner, Kevin J.; Post-Sept. 11th International Surveillance Activity - A Failure of Intelligence: The Echelon Interception System & the Fundamental Right to Privacy in Europe, 14 Pace Int'l L. Rev. 435 (2002)
Notes and references[edit]
^ Given the 5 dialects that use the terms, UKUSA can be pronounced from "You-Q-SA" to "Oo-Coo-SA", AUSCANNZUKUS can be pronounced from "Oz-Can-Zuke-Us" to "Orse-Can-Zoo-Cuss".
From Talk:UKUSA Agreement: "Per documents officially released by both the Government Communications Headquarters and the National Security Agency, this agreement is referred to as the UKUSA Agreement. This name is subsequently used by media sources reporting on the story, as written in new references used for the article. The NSA press release provides a pronunciation guide, indicating that "UKUSA" should not be read as two separate entities."(The National Archives)". Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (National Security Agency) Archived 16 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine"
^ "UK 'biggest spy' among the Five Eyes". News Corp Australia. 22 June 2013. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
^ Google books – Echelon by John O'Neill
^ "AUSCANNZUKUS Information Portal". auscannzukus.net. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
^ a b "Q&A: What you need to know about Echelon". BBC. 29 May 2001. Archived from the original on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
^ Nabbali, Talitha; Perry, Mark (March 2004). "Going for the throat". Computer Law & Security Review. 20 (2): 84–97. doi:10.1016/S0267-3649(04)00018-4. It wasn't until 1971 that the UKUSA allies began ECHELON
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Schmid, Gerhard (11 July 2001). "On the existence of a global system for the interception of private and commercial communications (ECHELON interception system), (2001/2098(INI))". European Parliament: Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
^ a b Kaz, Roberto; Casado, José (9 July 2013). "Capitais de 4 países também abrigaram escritório da NSA e CIA". O Globo (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
^ a b Gude, Hubert; Poitras, Laura; Rosenbach, Marcel (5 August 2013). "German Intelligence Sends Massive Amounts of Data to the NSA". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
^ Poitras, Laura; Rosenbach, Marcel; Schmid, Fidelius; Stark, Holger; Stock, Jonathan (July 2013). "Cover Story: How the NSA Targets Germany and Europe". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
^ a b "US spy centre in India too". Deccan Chronicle. 30 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Dorling, Philip. "Singapore, South Korea revealed as Five Eyes spying partners". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 31 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
^ "Document 12. "Activation of Echelon Units," from History of the Air Intelligence Agency, 1 January - 31 December 1994, Volume I (San Antonio, TX: AIA, 1995)". George Washington University. The second extract notes that AIA's participation in a classified activity "had been limited to LADYLOVE operations at Misawa AB [Air Base], Japan." {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ a b c d e f "Eyes Wide Open" (PDF). Privacy International. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
^ Norton-Taylor, Richard (1 March 2012). "Menwith Hill eavesdropping base undergoes massive expansion". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
^ Steelhammer, Rick (4 January 2014). "In W.Va., mountains of NSA secrecy". The Charleston Gazette. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
^ a b Poitras, Laura; Rosenbach, Marcel; Stark, Holger (20 December 2013). "Friendly Fire: How GCHQ Monitors Germany, Israel and the EU". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
^ Troianello, Craig (4 April 2013). "NSA to close Yakima Training Center facility". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
^ Kaz, Roberto; Casado, José (9 July 2013). "Capitais de 4 países também abrigaram escritório da NSA e CIA". O Globo (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
^ a b c d Hopkins, Nick; Borger, Julian (1 August 2013). "Exclusive: NSA pays £100m in secret funding for GCHQ". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
^ Squires, Nick (5 November 2013). "British military base in Cyprus 'used to spy on Middle East'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
^ David Horowitz (August 1972). "U.S. Electronic Espionage: A Memoir". Ramparts. 11 (2): 35–50.
^ "Ramparts interview". Cryptome archive. 1988. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
^ Bamford, James (1982). The Puzzle Palace: A Report on America's Most Secret Agency. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-14-006748-4.
^ "Puzzle Palace excepts". Cryptome archive. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
^ a b Campbell, Duncan (12 August 1988). "Somebody's Listening" (PDF). New Statesman. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
^ Bamford, James (2002). Body of Secrets. Anchor. ISBN 978-0-385-49908-8.
^ Campbell, Duncan (1 June 2001). "Echelon Chronology". Heise Online. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
^ Wright, Steve (6 January 1998). "An Appraisal of Technologies of Political Control" (PDF). European Parliament. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
^ a b c d Campbell, Duncan. "Echelon: World under watch, an introduction". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
^ Campbell, Duncan; Honigsbaum, Mark (23 May 1999). "Britain and US spy on world". The Observer. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
^ R. James Woolsey (17 March 2000). "Why We Spy on Our Allies". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
^ a b Niall McKay (27 May 1999). "Lawmakers Raise Questions About International Spy Network". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
^ Suzanne Daley (24 February 2000). "An Electronic Spy Scare Is Alarming Europe". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
^ McCarthy, Kieren (14 September 2001). "This is how we know Echelon exists". The Register. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
^ Rudner, Martin. "Britain betwixt and between: UK SIGINT alliance strategy's transatlantic and European connections". Intelligence & National Security.
^ a b c d Roxburgh, Angus (11 May 2001). "EU investigators 'snubbed' in US". BBC. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
^ "Report on the existence of a global system for the interception of private and commercial communications (ECHELON interception system) (2001/2098(INI))". European Parliament. 11 July 2001. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
^ "Report: Echelon exists, should be guarded against". USA Today. Associated Press. 5 September 2001. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
^ a b The Northwest Passage, Yakima Research Station (YRS) newsletter: Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2011 Archived 22 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine & Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2012 Archived 22 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Elkjær, Bo; Seeberg, Kenan (17 November 1999). "ECHELON Was My Baby". Ekstra Bladet. Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2006. "Unfortunately, I can't tell you all my duties. I am still bound by professional secrecy, and I would hate to go to prison or get involved in any trouble, if you know what I mean. In general, I can tell you that I was responsible for compiling the various systems and programs, configuring the whole thing and making it operational on mainframes"; "Margaret Newsham worked for the NSA through her employment at Ford and Lockheed from 1974 to 1984. In 1977 and 1978 Newsham was stationed at the largest listening post in the world at Menwith Hill, England ... Ekstra Bladet has Margaret Newsham's stationing orders from the US Department of Defense. She possessed the high security classification TOP SECRET CRYPTO."
^ Goodwins, Rupert (29 June 2000). "Echelon: How it works". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
^ Campbell, Duncan (25 July 2000). "Inside Echelon". Heise Online. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
^ Perrone, Jane (29 May 2001). "The Echelon spy network". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
^ Poitras, Laura; Rosenbach, Marcel; Stark, Holger (20 December 2013). "Friendly Fire: How GCHQ Monitors Germany, Israel and the EU". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014. A map from the wealth of classified documents obtained by Snowden on the so-called "Fornsat" activities of the technical intelligence cooperation program -- informally known as the Five Eyes -- shows that the system of global satellite surveillance remained in operation.
^ Ambinder, Marc (31 July 2013). "What's XKEYSCORE?". The Week. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014. FORNSAT simply means "foreign satellite collection," which refers to NSA tapping into satellites that process data used by other countries.
^ Le Monde Diplomatique Archived 11 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine, September 2010
^ Anderson, Rick (21 June 2013). "Cray and the NSA: Seattle Supercomputers Help Spy Agency Mine Your Megadata". Seattle Weekly. Archived from the original on 15 May 2016.
^ Troianello, Craig (19 April 2013). "NSA to close Yakima Training Center facility". Yakima Herald-Republic. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
^ a b Eames, David (19 March 2010). "Waihopai a key link in global intelligence network". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014. Both Waihopai and the Tangimoana radio listening post near Palmerston North have been identified as key players in the United States-led Echelon spy programme.
^ "GCSB To Remove Dishes And Radomes At Waihopai Station". www.scoop.co.nz. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
^ Greisler, David S.; Stupak, Ronald J., eds. (2007). Handbook of technology management in public administration. CRC/Taylor & Francis. p. 592. ISBN 978-1420017014.
^ "Teufelsberg mirrors Berlin's dramatic history". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014. More than 1,000 people are said to have worked here around the clock, every day of the year. They were part of the global ECHELON surveillance network.
^ Beddow, Rachel (19 April 2012). "Teufelsberg, Berlin's Undisputed King of Ghostowns, Set For Redevelopment". NPR. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014. The Teufelsberg mission is still shrouded in secrecy, but it's generally agreed that the station was part of the ECHELON network that listened in to the Eastern Bloc.
^ According to a statement by Terence Dudlee, the speaker of the US Navy in London, in an interview to the German HR (Hessischer Rundfunk)"US-Armee lauscht von Darmstadt aus". Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2016. (German), hr online, 1 October 2004
^ "CFS Leitrim".
^ "canadian military history".
^ The Codebreakers, Ch. 10, 11
^ Keefe, Patrick Radden. Chatter: Uncovering the echelon surveillance network and the secret world of global eavesdropping. Random House Incorporated.
^ a b For example: "Nicky Hager Appearance before the Euro ean Parliament ECHELON Committee". April 2001. Archived from the original on 21 October 2001. Retrieved 2 July 2006.
^ "NSA eavesdropping: How it might work". CNET News.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2006.
^ "Commercial Geostationary Satellite Transponder Markets for Latin America : Market Research Report". Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2006.
^ Die Zeit: 40/1999 "Verrat unter Freunden" ("Treachery among friends", German), available at "Zeit.de". Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Amerikanen maakten met Echelon L&H kapot". daanspeak.com. 30 March 2002. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2008. (Google's translation of the article into English Archived 31 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine).
^ "The National Security Agency Declassified". nsarchive2.gwu.edu. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
^ Bustillos, Maria (9 June 2013). "Our reflection in the N.S.A.'s PRISM" Archived 14 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. The New Yorker. Retrieved: 2013-10-12.
^ "Thatcher 'spied on ministers'". BBC. 25 February 2000. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
^ a b Loeb, Vernon (12 December 1998). "NSA Admits to Spying on Princess Diana". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
^ "UK 'spied on UN's Kofi Annan'". BBC. 26 February 2004. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
^ Tyler, Patrick E. (26 February 2004). "Ex-Minister Says British Spies Bugged Kofi Annan's Office". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
^ "US diplomats spied on UN leadership". The Guardian. 28 November 2010. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
^ Rosenbach, Marcel; Stark, Holger (29 November 2010). "Diplomats or Spooks? How US Diplomats Were Told to Spy on UN and Ban Ki-Moon". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
^ "Echelon: Big brother without a cause". BBC News. 6 July 2000. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 27 August 2006.
^ "Airbus's secret past". The Economist. 14 June 2003. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
^ "Big Surveillance Project For the Amazon Jungle Teeters Over Scandals". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
^ David E. Sanger and Tim Weiner (15 October 1995). "Emerging Role For the C.I.A.: Economic Spy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
^ The Northwest Passage, Yakima Research Station (YRS) newsletter: Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2011 Archived 22 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Pine Gap" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2016., Official Committee Hansard, Joint Standing Committee on Treaties, 9 August 1999. Commonwealth of Australia.
^ Schmid, Gerhard (11 July 2001). "Report on the existence of a global system for the interception of private and commercial communications (ECHELON interception system) (2001/2098(INI))" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
^ Sattar, Majid (July 2013). "NSA-Affäre: Ja, meine Freunde, wir spionieren euch aus!". FAZ.NET (in German).
^ Staunton, Denis (16 April 1999). "Electronic spies torture German firms". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Echelon.
Campbell, Duncan (3 August 2015). "GCHQ and Me, My Life Unmasking British Eavesdroppers". The Intercept.
"Paper 1: Echelon and its role in COMINT". Heise. 27 May 2001.
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Philippines: NBI, PNP-IG
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ECHELON Definition & Usage Examples | Dictionary.com
ECHELON Definition & Usage Examples | Dictionary.com
GamesDaily CrosswordWord PuzzleWord FinderAll gamesFeaturedWord of the DaySynonym of the DayWord of the YearNew wordsLanguage storiesAll featuredPop cultureSlangEmojiMemesAcronymsGender and sexualityAll pop cultureWriting tipsGrammar Coach™Writing hubGrammar essentialsCommonly confusedAll writing tipsGamesFeaturedPop cultureWriting tipsechelon[ esh-uh-lon ]show ipaSee synonyms for: echelonechelons on Thesaurus.comnouna level of command, authority, or rank: After years of service, she is now in the upper echelon of city officials.a level of worthiness, achievement, or reputation: studying hard to get into one of the top echelon colleges.Military. a formation of troops, ships, airplanes, etc., in which groups of soldiers or individual vehicles or craft are arranged in parallel lines, either with each line extending to the right of the one in front (right echelon ) or with each line extending to the left of the one in front (left echelon ), so that the whole presents the appearance of steps.Military. one of the groups of a formation so arranged.Archaic. any structure or group of structures arranged in a steplike form.Also called echelon grating. Spectroscopy. a diffraction grating that is used in the resolution of fine structure lines and consists of a series of plates of equal thickness stacked in staircase fashion.See moreverb (used with or without object)to form in an echelon.Origin of echelon1First recorded in 1790–1800; from French échelon, originally “rung of a ladder,” from Old French eschelon, equivalent to esch(i)ele “ladder” (from Latin scāla + -on noun suffix; see scale3) word story For echelonEchelon comes from the French échelon, a word whose literal meaning is “rung of a ladder.” Initially it was confined to military use, to refer to a step-like formation of troops. Ironically, while echelon entered English in a military context, it was the first and second World Wars that extended the meaning to other, nonmilitary, sectors. During World War I, the term took on a more generalized sense of a “level” or “subdivision”; World War II broadened echelon’s usage to describe grades and ranks in professions outside the military. At the same time, English speakers started using echelon to classify institutions or persons they held in high esteem by referring to them as part of the “upper” or “top” echelon. With this in mind, the phrase “social climber” conjures up the image of people who wish to ascend through the various ladder rungs of society until they reach the top.popular references For echelon —Row echelon form: In linear algebra, a simplified form of a matrix in which each non-zero row has more leading zeros than the previous row. —ECHELON: Code name of a global surveillance system developed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA). It operates by intercepting and processing international communications transmitted via communications satellites. —Third Echelon: A fictional sub-group of the NSA created by Tom Clancy in his Splinter Cell book series.Other words for echelon1 place, rank, hierarchy, authority, grade, office; row, tier, rung; social standing, position, class, standing 2 degree, position, tierSee synonyms for echelon on Thesaurus.comOther words from echelonech·e·lon·ment, nounWords Nearby echelonéchappéeechardEchegarayEchegaray y EizaguirreecheletteechelonecheveriaEcheverríaEcheverría ÁlvarezechidnaechinaceaDictionary.com Unabridged
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2024How to use echelon in a sentenceBaron has worked in the upper echelons of newsrooms throughout his career.Martin Baron, executive editor who oversaw dramatic Washington Post expansion, announces retirement | Paul Farhi | January 27, 2021 | Washington PostArguably, the more truly premium stuff that gets produced by Hollywood for streaming — in other words, the more these services represent the higher echelon of Hollywood — the better it is for us.‘I believe enough in this to try to do it myself’: CollegeHumor owner Sam Reich on the brand’s future potential | Pierre Bienaimé | December 1, 2020 | DigidayThe industry commonly recycles ideas, and designers from its lowest ranks to its upper echelons look to the past for tomorrow’s concepts.Is fashion doomed to repeat itself? | Marc Bain | October 28, 2020 | QuartzAt the upper echelons of the sport, where every move counts, there’s pressure on athletes to do all they can to make themselves stronger, while also getting smaller and lighter.The Climbers Speaking Up About Eating Disorders | Outside Editors | October 22, 2020 | Outside OnlineThe highest echelon of TikTokers can charge up to $200,000 per post, but those who have follower counts in the range of 1 million to 5 million typically charge between $5,000 and $15,000.How a TikTok house destroyed itself | Rebecca Jennings | October 1, 2020 | VoxAre you allowed to write about battle from the rear echelon?Who Has the Right to Write About War? | Emily Gray Tedrowe | July 12, 2014 | THE DAILY BEASTThe film is going to be a huge critical and commercial hit, vaulting Stoller into the upper echelon of Hollywood comedy directors.The Unheralded Comedy Genius: Nicholas Stoller on ‘Neighbors,’ Zac Efron’s ‘Darkness,’ and Diddy | Marlow Stern | May 8, 2014 | THE DAILY BEASTMississippi also moves out of the lower echelon solidly improving to 41st from 46th on its rock-bottom costs.South Dakota Is 2013 Top State for Business | CNBC | July 9, 2013 | THE DAILY BEASTTo Connolly and Morris, Bulger was a TE, or top-echelon informant, the highest designation in the Bureau for a snitch.‘You’re a F—cking Liar’: Whitey Bulger and the FBI’s Sordid History | T.J. English | July 1, 2013 | THE DAILY BEASTBut as part of that top echelon of defense officials, Diskin participated in almost all the meetings where Iran was discussed.Former Shin Bet Chief Slams Benjamin Netanyahu, Ehud Barak Over Iran | Dan Ephron | January 4, 2013 | THE DAILY BEASTThey did a lazy circle of the room, swung into an echelon and performed a slow chandelle, before dropping into Bobby's hand.What Rough Beast? | Jefferson HigheI couldn't quite see the stratified society outlined by Scholar Phelps as holding a position open for her in the top echelon.Highways in Hiding | George Oliver SmithThe cuirassiers getting into line first, charged at once, the 16th following in echelon.Scientific American Supplement, No. 664, September 22,1888 | VariousPortions of his forces were arranged in echelon in some of his other battles.Elements of Military Art and Science | Henry Wager HalleckI ordered him to wheel his brigades to the left, to advance in echelon, and to catch the enemy in flank.The Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, Complete | William T. ShermanSee More ExamplesBritish Dictionary definitions for echelonechelon/ (ˈɛʃəˌlɒn) /nouna level of command, responsibility, etc (esp in the phrase the upper echelons)military a formation in which units follow one another but are offset sufficiently to allow each unit a line of fire aheada group formed in this wayphysics a type of diffraction grating used in spectroscopy consisting of a series of plates of equal thickness arranged stepwise with a constant offsetSee moreverbto assemble in echelonOrigin of echelon1C18: from French échelon, literally: rung of a ladder, from Old French eschiele ladder, from Latin scāla; see scale ³Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
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